The first period (which we are currently in) is calledAI<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span>, the period in which we try to treat the problems we see around us as optimization problems and find solutions for them with mathematical methods<\/strong>. The strength of the computer compared to us humans is the speed of data processing, and we try to use this strength to develop machine learning algorithms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Make no mistake, every algorithm<\/strong> written for machine learning<\/strong> is a kind of mathematical functions and nothing strange happens in it! Only huge amounts of calculations are done by computers. In this course, we are able to defeat humans (ourselves!) in many problems by using these algorithms.<\/p>\n The second course is called Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)<\/strong><\/span><\/span>. In this period, an intelligent machine will be able to do any intellectual work that a human can do, and in better words,machine intelligence<\/strong><\/span> <\/span>will be equivalent to human intelligence<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\n Various tests have been defined for this (such as the Turing test) and we will reach the point of general intelligence<\/strong> when we successfully pass these tests, but it is interesting to know that we are at least 2 decades away from this point. There are many problems before us But what worries us is not this period, but the third period.<\/p>\n The third period is a hypothetical period calledsuperintelligence<\/strong><\/span><\/span>, in which machine intelligence<\/strong> surpasses human intelligence<\/strong>, so the machine can improve itself without the need for humans, and we will face a phenomenon called intelligence explosion<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\n This theory was presented by Nick Bostrom<\/strong>, a professor at Oxford University<\/strong>, and he criticized and analyzed this theory in his book titledSuperintelligence<\/strong><\/span><\/span>. He believes that human weakness in managing the singularity of technology will cause the extinction of the human race.<\/a><\/p>\n Whether on purpose or by mistake! For example, we may ask a super-intelligent machine<\/strong> to end world hunger, in one scenario the machine can end hunger by killing hungry humans!<\/p>\n If the thought of such a phenomenon seems crazy to you, remember that John von Neumann<\/strong> and Bertrand Russell<\/strong> supported an American nuclear attack<\/strong> on the Soviet Union<\/strong> (to prevent the Soviet Union from acquiring nuclear weapons)! Or think about the American atomic attack<\/strong> on Hiroshima<\/strong> and Nagasaki<\/strong>. For such cases, human expediency is not over for the benefit of “all” humanity! So this can happen by car too…<\/p>\n If you are a fan of sci-fi movies (like me), you definitely remember HAL 9000’s<\/a><\/strong> assistant in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey<\/strong>. The idea of general artificial intelligence<\/strong> sparked the design of the HAL 9000 assistant by Stanley Kubrick<\/a><\/strong> and Arthur Clarke<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n The first case: for times when artificial intelligence<\/strong><\/span> is used to carry out malicious missions<\/strong>. Automatic weapons programmed to kill humans. Such weapons will not be deactivated by simply pressing a button, because the countries and companies that manufacture such weapons do not want the weapons to be simply deactivated.<\/p>\n Or to better understand, imagine a machine that uses its data to generate fake news. (If you don’t believe in the impact of fake news on society, be sure to listen to Stringcast’s Post-Truth podcast<\/strong> to see how fake news can make Donald Trump president<\/strong>!)<\/p>\n The second case: Artificial intelligence<\/strong><\/span> is assigned to do something useful, but to do this useful work, it does something destructive. The example of ending hunger above is an example of this. Do we and machines reach a common understanding?! The warnings of Hawking<\/strong>, Musk<\/strong> and Gates<\/strong> are more in these areas.<\/p>\n These risks make us face the question of whether we will be able to control artificial intelligence<\/strong>. We still do not have a clear answer to this question. To better understand this answer, we must first understand the obstacles to our path to the singularity.<\/p>\n \u2666 The first obstacle:<\/strong> comprehensive learning algorithm<\/p>\n![\"Robot\"](\"https:\/\/arshiv.co\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cr712.jpg\")
<\/p>\nArtificial intelligence can endanger us mainly in two areas:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/arshiv.co\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/cr741.jpg\")
<\/p>\nObstacles in the way of general artificial intelligence<\/span><\/h2>\n